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    "@type": "Dataset",
    "@id": "http://portal.medin.org.uk/portal/json-ld/c3e87ec731f82faa50718ba5cde96eec.jsonld",
    "identifier": "c3e87ec731f82faa50718ba5cde96eec",
    "url": "http://portal.medin.org.uk/portal/?details&tpc=c3e87ec731f82faa50718ba5cde96eec",
    "name": "2010-2011, APEM Ltd., London Array, Aerial Bird Surveys",
    "description": "This report summarises the findings of the winter 2010/11 pre-construction aerial surveys of \r\n the proposed London Array Ltd. offshore wind farm site, and associated control zones, for \r\n birds and marine mammals. The aerial surveys are designed to meet the requirements of the \r\n Food and Environment Protection Act (FEPA) 1985 licence granted in respect of the wind \r\n farm, and to satisfy the wider Ornithological Review Panel (ORP) process. Pre-construction \r\n monitoring for Phase I development in order to satisfy FEPA licence conditions constitutes \r\n aerial survey of the London Array Offshore Wind Farm (OWF) site, plus survey of a control \r\n zone. Surveys designed to fulfil the ORP process cover further control zones.\r\n The aim of this project was to provide information about the response of and risks to bird \r\n species (predominantly but not exclusively red-throated diver Gavia stellata), arising from \r\n the construction and operation of the wind farm. The red-throated diver is listed under Annex \r\n I of the EU Birds Directive (79/409/EEC) as being a rare or vulnerable species, meaning that \r\n EU member states are obligated to identify and designate key areas of habitat used by the \r\n species as Special Protection Areas (SPAs). Sites supporting 1% or more of the Great Britain \r\n population of an Annex I species are automatically considered for SPA designation (Stroud et \r\n al., 2001).\r\n The defined objectives of the project were to:\r\n 1. Provide pre-construction baseline surveys of the London Array Offshore Wind Farm \r\n (OWF) site before wind farm construction commences;\r\n 2. Provide pre-construction baseline surveys of control zones for the OWF site;\r\n 3. Describe temporal and spatial variation in bird numbers across the OWF and control \r\n sites;\r\n 4. Produce population estimates, with a given level of precision, for birds across the \r\n OWF and control sites;\r\n 5. Produce updated estimates of red-throated diver abundance and distribution within the \r\n OWF and control sites, with respect to the Special Protection Area (SPA) in the Outer \r\n Thames Estuary;\r\n 6. Report on flight heights and direction of birds recorded in flight within the OWF site.",
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    "conditionsOfAccess": [
        "otherRestrictions: Publically Available"
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    "temporalCoverage": "2010-11-23/2011-02-16",
    "keywords": [
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            "@type": "DefinedTerm",
            "identifier": "http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/N01/current/NDGO0001/",
            "inDefinedTermSet": "http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/N01/current/",
            "termCode": "NDGO0001",
            "name": "Marine Environmental Data and Information Network"
        },
        {
            "@type": "DefinedTerm",
            "identifier": "http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P22/current/32/",
            "inDefinedTermSet": "http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P22/current/",
            "termCode": "32",
            "name": "Species distribution"
        },
        {
            "@type": "DefinedTerm",
            "identifier": "http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P02/current/BRDD/",
            "inDefinedTermSet": "http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P02/current/",
            "termCode": "BRDD",
            "name": "Bird taxonomy-related abundance per unit area of surface"
        },
        {
            "@type": "DefinedTerm",
            "identifier": "http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P02/current/BRDA/",
            "inDefinedTermSet": "http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P02/current/",
            "termCode": "BRDA",
            "name": "Bird counts"
        },
        {
            "@type": "DefinedTerm",
            "identifier": "http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P02/current/CETA/",
            "inDefinedTermSet": "http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P02/current/",
            "termCode": "CETA",
            "name": "Cetacean abundance"
        },
        {
            "@type": "DefinedTerm",
            "identifier": "http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P02/current/GP088/",
            "inDefinedTermSet": "http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P02/current/",
            "termCode": "GP088",
            "name": "Bird behaviour"
        }
    ],
    "spatialCoverage": {
        "@type": "Place",
        "geo": {
            "@type": "GeoShape",
            "box": "51.3877 0.9161 52.0291 1.761"
        },
        "name": {
            "@type": "DefinedTerm",
            "identifier": "http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/C19/current/1_2/",
            "inDefinedTermSet": "http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/C19/current/",
            "termCode": "1_2",
            "name": "North Sea"
        },
        "additionalProperty": [
            {
                "@type": "PropertyValue",
                "propertyID": "http://www.opengis.net/def/crs/EPSG/0/23031",
                "value": "urn:ogc:def:crs:EPSG:23031"
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    },
    "maintainer": [
        {
            "@type": "Organization",
            "name": "The Crown Estate",
            "description": "custodian",
            "email": "mde@thecrownestate.co.uk",
            "telephone": "+44 020 7851 5000",
            "address": {
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                "streetAddress": "The Crown Estate\r\n1 St James's Market",
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            }
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        {
            "@type": "Organization",
            "name": "APEM Ltd.",
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            "email": "enquiries@apemltd.co.uk",
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                "streetAddress": "A17 Embankment,\r\nBusiness Park,\r\nHeaton Mersey",
                "postalCode": "SK4 3GN",
                "addressLocality": "Manchester"
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        {
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            "name": "APEM Ltd.",
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            "email": "enquiries@apemltd.co.uk",
            "address": {
                "@type": "PostalAddress",
                "streetAddress": "A17 Embankment,\r\nBusiness Park,\r\nHeaton Mersey",
                "postalCode": "SK4 3GN",
                "addressLocality": "Manchester"
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        "@type": "Organization",
        "url": "https://portal.medin.org.uk/portal/",
        "name": "Marine Environmental Data and Information Network (MEDIN)",
        "description": "The MEDIN portal contains information about 19493 marine datasets from over 600 UK organisations. Metadata are an enduring resource and contact details are publicly available for a long time. \r\n\t\tPlease contact us (enquiries@medin.org.uk) if you find your contact details on the MEDIN portal and do not consent to this. \r\n\t\tYou can now use our GitHub repository to report issues or access related documents. Metadata records are updated daily and were last updated 2026-04-19. Record deletion takes place weekly and the latest occurred 2026-04-12."
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}