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            <gco:CharacterString>1998-present Inter-Organisation UK Benthos Database</gco:CharacterString>
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        <gco:CharacterString>Offshore environmental impact surveys have been carried out by oil and gas operators in the North Sea since 1975, initially as part of corporate environmental management programs and latterly as regulatory requirement. Routine monitoring of the area around the installations to confirm impact hypotheses of the seabed and check the general health of the marine environment is now endorsed in UK Regulations notably under The Offshore Chemicals Regulations 2002.
      Monitoring surveys have traditionally been carried out along one or more transects leading away from the installations and following the prevailing current direction. Collection of sediment samples were taken at stations set at varying distances, 500, 800, 1200, 2500 and 5000 meters from the platform along the transects. Sample from reference stations located at 8 to 10 km from the installations would also be collected. The samples would then be analysed for hydrocarbons and metals content and to investigate the seabed biological communities. It is these biological data that are presented in this dataset.
      This monitoring strategy is designed to measure gradients of environmental effects in the vicinity of the platform. Between 1975 and 1998, it is estimated some 520 seabed surveys were carried out. However, a lack of consistency and standardization in the way these surveys were conducted has led to difficulty in establishing long-term environmental effects.
      To that purpose, Oil and Gas UK funded a project with the aim of collating and reviewing all seabed monitoring data collected by the UK oil and gas industry from 1975 to 1998. The Oil and Gas UK seabed environmental review was carried out in 3 phases.
      Phase1. Compilation of an inventory of surveys carried out in the UK sector.
      Phase2. Production of database files containing detailed biological, chemical and geographical data.
      Phase3. Examination of the extent of contamination from offshore exploration and appraisal activities and impacts on the biota, and attempt to determine any large-scale trends over wider geographical areas.
      The final phase was completed in April 2001.
      Today, techniques have evolved and the focus is more on wide-scale baseline environmental monitoring at a pre-operational stage. This involved screening the development area for any potential ecologicall important habitats and species using side-scan and or multi beam sonar and swathe bathymetry techniques.</gco:CharacterString>
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                    <gco:CharacterString>Marine Biological Association of the UK,
             The Laboratory,
             Citadel Hill</gco:CharacterString>
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                    <gco:CharacterString>Plymouth</gco:CharacterString>
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                    <gco:CharacterString>PL1 2PB</gco:CharacterString>
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      <!-- Keywords -->
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          <gmd:keyword>
            <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/N01/current/NDGO0001/">Marine Environmental Data and Information Network</gmx:Anchor>
          </gmd:keyword>
        </gmd:MD_Keywords>
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      <gmd:descriptiveKeywords>
        <gmd:MD_Keywords>
          <gmd:keyword>
            <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P22/current/15/">Buildings</gmx:Anchor>
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          <gmd:keyword>
            <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P22/current/18/">Human health and safety</gmx:Anchor>
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          <gmd:keyword>
            <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P22/current/17/">Land use</gmx:Anchor>
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          <gmd:keyword>
            <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P22/current/32/">Species distribution</gmx:Anchor>
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          <gmd:thesaurusName>
            <gmd:CI_Citation>
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                <gco:CharacterString>GEMET - INSPIRE themes, version 1.0</gco:CharacterString>
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                <gmd:CI_Date>
                  <gmd:date>
                    <gco:Date>2008-01-06</gco:Date>
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                  <gmd:dateType>
                    <gmd:CI_DateTypeCode codeList="http://standards.iso.org/ittf/PubliclyAvailableStandards/ISO_19139_Schemas/resources/codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#CI_DateTypeCode" codeListValue="revision">revision</gmd:CI_DateTypeCode>
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        </gmd:MD_Keywords>
      </gmd:descriptiveKeywords>
      <gmd:descriptiveKeywords>
        <gmd:MD_Keywords>
          <gmd:keyword>
            <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="">Marine</gmx:Anchor>
          </gmd:keyword>
          <gmd:thesaurusName>
            <gmd:CI_Citation>
              <gmd:title>
                <gco:CharacterString>UNESCO</gco:CharacterString>
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              <gmd:date>
                <gmd:CI_Date>
                  <gmd:date>
                    <gco:Date>2003-01-01</gco:Date>
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                  <gmd:dateType>
                    <gmd:CI_DateTypeCode codeList="http://standards.iso.org/ittf/PubliclyAvailableStandards/ISO_19139_Schemas/resources/codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#CI_DateTypeCode" codeListValue="creation">creation</gmd:CI_DateTypeCode>
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        <gmd:MD_Keywords>
          <gmd:keyword>
            <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P02/current/IDIS/">Industrial discharges</gmx:Anchor>
          </gmd:keyword>
          <gmd:keyword>
            <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P02/current/FABD/">Fauna abundance per unit area of the bed</gmx:Anchor>
          </gmd:keyword>
          <gmd:keyword>
            <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P02/current/MMST/">Man-made structures</gmx:Anchor>
          </gmd:keyword>
          <gmd:keyword>
            <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P02/current/IACT/">Industrial activity</gmx:Anchor>
          </gmd:keyword>
          <gmd:thesaurusName>
            <gmd:CI_Citation>
              <gmd:title>
                <gco:CharacterString>SeaDataNet P021 parameter discovery vocabulary</gco:CharacterString>
              </gmd:title>
              <gmd:date>
                <gmd:CI_Date>
                  <gmd:date>
                    <gco:Date>2009-11-16</gco:Date>
                  </gmd:date>
                  <gmd:dateType>
                    <gmd:CI_DateTypeCode codeList="http://standards.iso.org/ittf/PubliclyAvailableStandards/ISO_19139_Schemas/resources/codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#CI_DateTypeCode" codeListValue="revision">revision</gmd:CI_DateTypeCode>
                  </gmd:dateType>
                </gmd:CI_Date>
              </gmd:date>
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        </gmd:MD_Keywords>
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        <gmd:MD_Constraints>
          <gmd:useLimitation>
            <gco:CharacterString>Data is freely available for research or commercial use providing that the originators are acknowledged in any publications produced.</gco:CharacterString>
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      </gmd:resourceConstraints>
      <!-- Limitations on public access -->
      <gmd:resourceConstraints>
        <gmd:MD_LegalConstraints>
          <gmd:accessConstraints>
            <gmd:MD_RestrictionCode codeList="http://standards.iso.org/ittf/PubliclyAvailableStandards/ISO_19139_Schemas/resources/codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_RestrictionCode" codeListValue="otherRestrictions">otherRestrictions</gmd:MD_RestrictionCode>
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          <gmd:otherConstraints>
            <gco:CharacterString>No restrictions to public access</gco:CharacterString>
          </gmd:otherConstraints>
        </gmd:MD_LegalConstraints>
      </gmd:resourceConstraints>
      <!--Resolution - Medin 2.3.8 multiple values and equiv scale allowed-->
      <!-- Spatial Resolution Item -->
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        <gmd:MD_Resolution>
          <gmd:distance>
            <gco:Distance uom="http://standards.iso.org/ittf/PubliclyAvailableStandards/ISO_19139_Schemas/resources/uom/gmxUom.xml#m">500</gco:Distance>
          </gmd:distance>
        </gmd:MD_Resolution>
      </gmd:spatialResolution>
      <!-- Resource language -->
      <gmd:language>
        <gmd:LanguageCode codeList="http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php" codeListValue="eng">English</gmd:LanguageCode>
      </gmd:language>
      <!-- Topic category -->
      <gmd:topicCategory>
        <gmd:MD_TopicCategoryCode>structure</gmd:MD_TopicCategoryCode>
      </gmd:topicCategory>
      <gmd:topicCategory>
        <gmd:MD_TopicCategoryCode>health</gmd:MD_TopicCategoryCode>
      </gmd:topicCategory>
      <gmd:topicCategory>
        <gmd:MD_TopicCategoryCode>planningCadastre</gmd:MD_TopicCategoryCode>
      </gmd:topicCategory>
      <gmd:topicCategory>
        <gmd:MD_TopicCategoryCode>biota</gmd:MD_TopicCategoryCode>
      </gmd:topicCategory>
      <gmd:extent>
        <gmd:EX_Extent>
          <!-- Extents -->
          <gmd:geographicElement>
            <gmd:EX_GeographicDescription>
              <!-- Extent - by Identifier -->
              <gmd:geographicIdentifier>
                <gmd:MD_Identifier>
                  <gmd:authority>
                    <gmd:CI_Citation>
                      <gmd:title>
                        <gco:CharacterString>Charting Progress 2 Sea Areas</gco:CharacterString>
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                      <gmd:date>
                        <gmd:CI_Date>
                          <gmd:date>
                            <gco:Date>2009-06-18</gco:Date>
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                          <gmd:dateType>
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                  <gmd:code>
                    <gco:CharacterString>Eastern Channel</gco:CharacterString>
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          <gmd:geographicElement>
            <gmd:EX_GeographicDescription>
              <!-- Extent - by Identifier -->
              <gmd:geographicIdentifier>
                <gmd:MD_Identifier>
                  <gmd:authority>
                    <gmd:CI_Citation>
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                        <gco:CharacterString>Charting Progress 2 Sea Areas</gco:CharacterString>
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                            <gco:Date>2009-06-18</gco:Date>
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                        </gmd:CI_Date>
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                  <gmd:code>
                    <gco:CharacterString>Western Channel and Celtic Sea</gco:CharacterString>
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              </gmd:geographicIdentifier>
            </gmd:EX_GeographicDescription>
          </gmd:geographicElement>
          <gmd:geographicElement>
            <gmd:EX_GeographicDescription>
              <!-- Extent - by Identifier -->
              <gmd:geographicIdentifier>
                <gmd:MD_Identifier>
                  <gmd:authority>
                    <gmd:CI_Citation>
                      <gmd:title>
                        <gco:CharacterString>Charting Progress 2 Sea Areas</gco:CharacterString>
                      </gmd:title>
                      <gmd:date>
                        <gmd:CI_Date>
                          <gmd:date>
                            <gco:Date>2009-06-18</gco:Date>
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                            <gmd:CI_DateTypeCode codeList="http://standards.iso.org/ittf/PubliclyAvailableStandards/ISO_19139_Schemas/resources/codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#CI_DateTypeCode" codeListValue="creation">creation</gmd:CI_DateTypeCode>
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  <gmd:distributionInfo>
    <gmd:MD_Distribution>
      <!-- The ISO 19115 Constraints require this element! -->
      <gmd:distributionFormat gco:nilReason="inapplicable" />
      <gmd:distributor>
        <gmd:MD_Distributor>
          <gmd:distributorContact>
            <gmd:CI_ResponsibleParty>
              <gmd:organisationName>
                <gco:CharacterString>Data Archive for Seabed Species and Habitats (DASSH)</gco:CharacterString>
              </gmd:organisationName>
              <gmd:positionName>
                <gco:CharacterString>Data Manager</gco:CharacterString>
              </gmd:positionName>
              <gmd:contactInfo>
                <gmd:CI_Contact>
                  <gmd:phone>
                    <gmd:CI_Telephone>
                      <gmd:voice>
                        <gco:CharacterString>01752 633102</gco:CharacterString>
                      </gmd:voice>
                      <gmd:facsimile>
                        <gco:CharacterString>01752 633291</gco:CharacterString>
                      </gmd:facsimile>
                    </gmd:CI_Telephone>
                  </gmd:phone>
                  <gmd:address>
                    <gmd:CI_Address>
                      <gmd:deliveryPoint>
                        <gco:CharacterString>Marine Biological Association of the UK,
                The Laboratory,
                Citadel Hill</gco:CharacterString>
                      </gmd:deliveryPoint>
                      <gmd:city>
                        <gco:CharacterString>Plymouth</gco:CharacterString>
                      </gmd:city>
                      <gmd:postalCode>
                        <gco:CharacterString>PL1 2PB</gco:CharacterString>
                      </gmd:postalCode>
                      <gmd:electronicMailAddress>
                        <gco:CharacterString>dassh.enquiries@mba.ac.uk</gco:CharacterString>
                      </gmd:electronicMailAddress>
                    </gmd:CI_Address>
                  </gmd:address>
                </gmd:CI_Contact>
              </gmd:contactInfo>
              <!-- Distributor -->
              <gmd:role>
                <gmd:CI_RoleCode codeList="http://standards.iso.org/ittf/PubliclyAvailableStandards/ISO_19139_Schemas/resources/codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#CI_RoleCode" codeListValue="distributor">distributor</gmd:CI_RoleCode>
              </gmd:role>
            </gmd:CI_ResponsibleParty>
          </gmd:distributorContact>
        </gmd:MD_Distributor>
      </gmd:distributor>
      <!-- Resource locator -->
      <gmd:transferOptions>
        <gmd:MD_DigitalTransferOptions>
          <gmd:onLine>
            <gmd:CI_OnlineResource>
              <gmd:linkage>
                <gmd:URL>http://www.oilandgasuk.co.uk/knowledgecentre/uk_benthos_database.cfm</gmd:URL>
              </gmd:linkage>
              <gmd:name>
                <gco:CharacterString>UK Benthos Database</gco:CharacterString>
              </gmd:name>
            </gmd:CI_OnlineResource>
          </gmd:onLine>
        </gmd:MD_DigitalTransferOptions>
      </gmd:transferOptions>
    </gmd:MD_Distribution>
  </gmd:distributionInfo>
  <gmd:dataQualityInfo>
    <gmd:DQ_DataQuality>
      <!-- Scope - Required by ISO 19115 constraint -->
      <gmd:scope>
        <gmd:DQ_Scope>
          <gmd:level>
            <gmd:MD_ScopeCode codeList="http://standards.iso.org/ittf/PubliclyAvailableStandards/ISO_19139_Schemas/resources/codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_ScopeCode" codeListValue="series">series</gmd:MD_ScopeCode>
          </gmd:level>
        </gmd:DQ_Scope>
      </gmd:scope>
      <!-- Specification -->
      <gmd:report>
        <gmd:DQ_DomainConsistency>
          <gmd:result>
            <gmd:DQ_ConformanceResult>
              <gmd:specification>
                <gmd:CI_Citation>
                  <gmd:title>
                    <gco:CharacterString>MEDIN data guideline for sediment sampling by grab or core for benthos</gco:CharacterString>
                  </gmd:title>
                  <gmd:date>
                    <gmd:CI_Date>
                      <gmd:date>
                        <gco:Date>2011-02-02</gco:Date>
                      </gmd:date>
                      <gmd:dateType>
                        <gmd:CI_DateTypeCode codeList="http://standards.iso.org/ittf/PubliclyAvailableStandards/ISO_19139_Schemas/resources/codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#CI_DateTypeCode" codeListValue="publication">publication</gmd:CI_DateTypeCode>
                      </gmd:dateType>
                    </gmd:CI_Date>
                  </gmd:date>
                </gmd:CI_Citation>
              </gmd:specification>
              <gmd:explanation>
                <gco:CharacterString>See the referenced specification</gco:CharacterString>
              </gmd:explanation>
              <gmd:pass>
                <gco:Boolean>true</gco:Boolean>
              </gmd:pass>
            </gmd:DQ_ConformanceResult>
          </gmd:result>
        </gmd:DQ_DomainConsistency>
      </gmd:report>
      <!-- Lineage -->
      <gmd:lineage>
        <gmd:LI_Lineage>
          <gmd:statement>
            <gco:CharacterString>Offshore environmental impact surveys have been carried out by oil and gas operators in the North Sea since 1975, initially as part of corporate environmental management programs and latterly as regulatory requirement. Routine monitoring of the area around the installations to confirm impact hypotheses of the seabed and check the general health of the marine environment is now endorsed in UK Regulations notably under The Offshore Chemicals Regulations 2002.
           Monitoring surveys have traditionally been carried out along one or more transects leading away from the installations and following the prevailing current direction. Collection of sediment samples were taken at stations set at varying distances, 500, 800, 1200, 2500 and 5000 meters from the platform along the transects. Sample from reference stations located at 8 to 10 km from the installations would also be collected. The samples would then be analysed for hydrocarbons and metals content and to investigate the seabed biological communities. It is these biological data that are presented in this dataset.
           This monitoring strategy is designed to measure gradients of environmental effects in the vicinity of the platform. Between 1975 and 1998, it is estimated some 520 seabed surveys were carried out. However, a lack of consistency and standardization in the way these surveys were conducted has led to difficulty in establishing long-term environmental effects.
           To that purpose, Oil and Gas UK funded a project with the aim of collating and reviewing all seabed monitoring data collected by the UK oil and gas industry from 1975 to 1998. The Oil and Gas UK seabed environmental review was carried out in 3 phases.
           Phase1. Compilation of an inventory of surveys carried out in the UK sector.
           Phase2. Production of database files containing detailed biological, chemical and geographical data.
           Phase3. Examination of the extent of contamination from offshore exploration and appraisal activities and impacts on the biota, and attempt to determine any large-scale trends over wider geographical areas.
           The final phase was completed in April 2001.
           Today, techniques have evolved and the focus is more on wide-scale baseline environmental monitoring at a pre-operational stage. This involved screening the development area for any potential ecologicall important habitats and species using side-scan and or multi beam sonar and swathe bathymetry techniques.</gco:CharacterString>
          </gmd:statement>
        </gmd:LI_Lineage>
      </gmd:lineage>
    </gmd:DQ_DataQuality>
  </gmd:dataQualityInfo>
</gmd:MD_Metadata>