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        <gco:CharacterString>Although conventional impact assessments allow estimates of the number of birds that might collide with or be displaced by windfarms, such methods do not allow the overall effect on bird populations to be established. This report determines whether sufficient demographic information is available to carry out population viability analysis: one method of determining the impacts of offshore windfarms on bird
populations.  For most species likely to be affected by offshore windfarms, sufficient demographic data exist to carry out population viability analyses. There is good information on adult survival for all species with the exception of little tern and little gull. Similarly, for all species except little gull, there is good information on productivity. Reasonable data on age-dependent survival and productivity and on the proportion of non-breeders and intercolony movements are available for about half of the species assessed.</gco:CharacterString>
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the process that determines the probability that a population will go extinct within
a given number of years (Shaffer, 1983; 1987; Boyce 1992) and is thus used to
identify the most important threats facing a particular species population. It
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so that the most important impacts on extinction probabilities can be determined.
Extrinsic forces, such as habitat loss, over-harvesting, and competition or
predation by introduced species, often lead to population decline. Although the
traditional methods of wildlife ecology can reveal such deterministic trends,
random fluctuations that increase as populations become smaller can lead to
extinction even of populations that have, on average, positive population growth
when below carrying capacity and mechanisms that incorporate intrinsic factors
are needed if extinction risks are to be determined (Lacy 1993).</gco:CharacterString>
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